What are PFAS "Forever Chemicals" & Could They Be in Your Drinking Water?

By Aquasani LLC | April 7, 2026 | Water Quality | 9 min read
If you have spent any time reading the news over the last few years, you have probably heard the phrase "forever chemicals." It comes up in headlines about military bases, manufacturing towns, firefighting foam, and non-stick cookware. It sounds alarming. And the data behind it is, in fact, worth paying attention to.
But for most homeowners, the question is not abstract. It is simple and direct: is this stuff in my water? And if it is, what can I actually do about it?
This post answers both of those questions with facts, not fear. Here is what PFAS are, where they come from, what the science says about health effects, how the EPA is responding, and what type of home filtration is proven to remove them.
Quick answer: PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of man-made chemicals that do not break down naturally in the environment or in the human body. They have been detected in the blood of 99% of Americans, according to the CDC. The EPA set the first-ever national drinking water limits for PFAS in April 2024. Reverse osmosis filtration removes 94 to 99% of PFAS from drinking water, according to EPA research.
Key Statistics
Americans exposed to PFAS in drinking water / 158M / EWG, 2025
Americans with PFAS detected in blood / 99% / CDC
Known PFAS contamination sites across all 50 U.S. states / 9,728 / EWG
PFAS removal rate achieved by reverse osmosis / 94-99% / U.S. EPA
What PFAS Actually Are
PFAS stands for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. That is a technical name for a group of more than 15,000 synthetic chemicals that share one defining feature: an extremely strong carbon-fluorine bond. That bond is one of the strongest in organic chemistry. It does not break down under heat, sunlight, water, or biological processes. Not in the soil. Not in rivers. Not in your body.
That is why they are called "forever chemicals." Once they are out in the environment, they accumulate. Over time, they build up in soil, in water sources, and in the tissues of living organisms, including humans.
PFAS were introduced in the 1940s and became widely used in consumer and industrial products through the second half of the 20th century. They showed up in non-stick cookware coatings, water-resistant clothing, stain-resistant carpet treatments, food packaging, firefighting foam (especially AFFF, used extensively at military bases and airports), and hundreds of industrial manufacturing processes.
The two most studied PFAS compounds are PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid). Both have been phased out of U.S. manufacturing, but because they never break down, they remain present in the environment from decades of prior use.
How PFAS Get Into Drinking Water
The most common contamination pathways are straightforward:
- Industrial discharge: Facilities that manufactured or used PFAS released them into nearby waterways and soil, which then leached into groundwater.
- Military bases and airports: Firefighting foam containing PFAS was used for decades in training exercises, leaving heavy contamination in groundwater near those sites.
- Landfills: Consumer products containing PFAS eventually end up in landfills, where rain carries PFAS compounds into surrounding groundwater.
- Agricultural land: Sewage sludge containing PFAS has been used as fertilizer for decades. PFAS leach from treated fields into groundwater and surface water.
- Wastewater treatment plants: These facilities are not designed to remove PFAS. Effluent from treatment plants that receives water containing PFAS passes it back into rivers and waterways.
Once PFAS enter a water source, they move through the system. Municipal water treatment, the kind that makes water legally safe to drink under traditional standards, does not remove PFAS either. Chlorination, coagulation, and standard filtration do not affect them. That is why they show up in treated tap water, not just in rivers and wells.
What the Health Research Says
The science on PFAS health effects has grown substantially over the last decade. Long-term exposure to certain PFAS compounds has been linked to:
- Increased risk of certain cancers, including kidney and testicular cancer
- Elevated cholesterol levels
- Thyroid disease and disruption of thyroid hormone function
- Liver damage
- Reproductive issues, including decreased fertility in both men and women
- Developmental harm in infants and children, including low birth weight and immune system suppression
- Reduced effectiveness of vaccines in children exposed to high levels
"The CDC has detected PFAS in the blood of 99 percent of Americans, including newborn babies." — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
To be clear, detecting PFAS in blood does not mean a person will develop any of the conditions above. Exposure level, duration, specific compounds involved, and individual health factors all play a role. But the research is clear enough that the EPA, for the first time in its history, took action in 2024 to set enforceable limits.
What the EPA Did in 2024 (and What Happened Next)
In April 2024, the EPA finalized the first-ever national drinking water standards for six PFAS compounds. The new maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) were set at:
PFAS Compound / EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) / Prior Limit
- PFOA / 4 parts per trillion (ppt) / No federal limit
- PFOS / 4 parts per trillion (ppt) / No federal limit
- PFNA / 10 parts per trillion (ppt) / No federal limit
- PFHxS / 10 parts per trillion (ppt) / No federal limit
- HFPO-DA (GenX) / 10 parts per trillion (ppt) / No federal limit
- PFBS (mixture) / Combined hazard index / No federal limit
The EPA estimated these new standards would protect approximately 100 million people from PFAS exposure and prevent thousands of deaths annually.
However, in 2025, the regulatory picture shifted. The EPA announced it would consider rolling back the MCLs for four of the six regulated PFAS compounds, retaining limits only for PFOA and PFOS. This regulatory uncertainty means that public water systems may not be required to reduce PFAS levels for many compounds even if they test above the 2024 standards.
For homeowners, this regulatory back-and-forth underscores an important reality: waiting for government limits to protect your household is a slow and uncertain strategy. Point-of-use filtration puts the decision in your hands.
Does Reverse Osmosis Actually Remove PFAS?
Yes. This is one of the best-documented findings in home water treatment research.
Reverse osmosis (RO) works by forcing water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane with extremely small pore sizes. PFAS molecules, even the smaller "short-chain" compounds that are harder to filter, are too large to pass through an RO membrane in significant quantities.
What the EPA says: Reverse osmosis separation is up to 99% effective at removing certain PFAS compounds from drinking water. Research across multiple PFAS types, including PFOA, PFOS, and GenX, shows removal rates of 94% or higher. This makes RO one of the most effective point-of-use treatment methods available to homeowners.
Not every water filtration product performs equally well. Standard pitcher-style filters using activated carbon reduce some PFAS but are inconsistent, particularly for shorter-chain PFAS compounds. A properly certified, multi-stage RO system is the most reliable residential solution available.
When evaluating any filter for PFAS, look for NSF/ANSI certification under Standard 58 (for RO systems) or Standard 53 (for carbon-based filters) with specific PFAS reduction claims. Not all filters carry this certification.
How to Know If PFAS Are in Your Water
The honest answer is that you probably cannot tell from taste, smell, or appearance. PFAS have no detectable odor or flavor at the concentrations typically found in drinking water.
Here is how you can find out:
- Check the EWG Tap Water Database: The Environmental Working Group (ewg.org/tapwater) maintains a searchable database of PFAS detections reported by public water systems across the country. Enter your zip code and see what your utility has reported.
- Review your utility's Consumer Confidence Report: Every public water system is required to publish an annual water quality report. Under the 2024 EPA rule, utilities must now test for six PFAS. Check whether your system reports any PFAS detections and at what levels.
- Get your water tested independently: If you are on a private well, your water is not covered by public utility reporting at all. An independent certified lab test is the only way to know what is in your well water. Look for labs certified under the Safe Drinking Water Act for PFAS analysis.
If you are on city water, PFAS contamination is more common in areas near military bases, industrial facilities, and airports. But the EWG's most recent data shows detections in water systems in every U.S. state, including rural systems with no obvious industrial source nearby. PFAS have traveled far from their original contamination sites through groundwater movement and surface water flow.
Questions About What's in Your Water?
Aquasani offers a free in-home water analysis for homeowners in Springfield and surrounding communities. While our standard test focuses on hardness, chlorine, and dissolved solids, we can discuss PFAS concerns and the right filtration options for your home.
Give Us a Call Today To Talk More! - (417)881-4000
What You Can Do Right Now
You do not need to wait for the regulatory process to sort itself out. Here are practical steps any homeowner can take:
- Look up your water utility in the EWG Tap Water Database to see if PFAS have been detected in your system's reported data.
- Read your most recent Consumer Confidence Report (CCR), which your utility is required to send annually or post publicly.
- If you are on a private well, schedule an independent water test from a certified lab. Well water has no regulatory oversight and is entirely your responsibility to monitor.
- Consider a point-of-use reverse osmosis system for your kitchen drinking water. Even if PFAS are not a confirmed issue in your area, RO systems also remove nitrates, chlorine and its byproducts, heavy metals, and dissolved solids that affect taste and safety.
- Do not rely on standard pitcher filters for PFAS. They help with some contaminants but are not consistently effective for the full range of PFAS compounds.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are PFAS forever chemicals?
PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a group of more than 15,000 man-made chemicals that do not break down in the environment or in the human body. They were widely used in non-stick cookware, water-resistant clothing, food packaging, firefighting foam, and industrial processes from the 1940s onward. Because they accumulate over time without degrading, they are called "forever chemicals."
Is PFAS in my drinking water?
Possibly. The Environmental Working Group estimates that over 158 million Americans have PFAS in their drinking water. PFAS has been detected in water systems in every U.S. state. You can check your specific water utility by searching the EWG Tap Water Database at ewg.org/tapwater using your zip code. Private well users should have their water tested independently by a certified lab.
Are PFAS dangerous?
Long-term exposure to certain PFAS compounds has been linked to increased cancer risk, thyroid disease, elevated cholesterol, liver damage, reproductive issues, and developmental harm in children and infants. The CDC has detected PFAS in the blood of 99% of Americans. While detection does not automatically mean disease, the health research was significant enough for the EPA to set enforceable drinking water limits for the first time in April 2024.
Does reverse osmosis remove PFAS from drinking water?
Yes. The EPA states that reverse osmosis is up to 99% effective at removing certain PFAS from drinking water. Research across multiple PFAS types shows removal rates of 94% or higher for properly certified RO systems. RO is considered one of the most reliable residential treatment options for PFAS reduction. Look for systems certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 58 with specific PFAS claims.
Do Brita or pitcher filters remove PFAS?
Standard activated carbon pitcher filters reduce some PFAS compounds but are not consistently effective across the full range of PFAS types, particularly shorter-chain compounds. For reliable PFAS reduction, a reverse osmosis system is the recommended option. Some premium solid-block carbon filters also carry NSF/ANSI Standard 53 certifications for specific PFAS compounds, but performance varies by product and PFAS type.
What did the EPA do about PFAS in 2024?
In April 2024, the EPA finalized the first national drinking water limits for six PFAS compounds, setting maximum contaminant levels of 4 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS. The rules were estimated to protect 100 million Americans and prevent thousands of deaths. In 2025, the EPA signaled it may roll back limits for four of the six regulated compounds, creating regulatory uncertainty that makes point-of-use home filtration a more reliable long-term strategy than relying solely on public utility compliance.
What is the best water filter to remove PFAS?
A certified reverse osmosis (RO) system is the most effective point-of-use option for removing PFAS from drinking water, with removal rates of 94 to 99% documented in EPA research. Look for NSF/ANSI Standard 58 certification. Whole-house granular activated carbon systems also show effectiveness for some PFAS compounds and can be used in combination with an RO system for comprehensive protection.
The Bottom Line
PFAS are real, they are widespread, and the health research behind them is serious enough that the federal government set national drinking water limits for the first time in history. At the same time, the regulatory environment remains in flux, which means the most reliable protection is something you control directly at home.
A reverse osmosis system at your kitchen tap is the most effective and well-documented solution available to homeowners today. It does not just address PFAS. It also removes chlorine and its byproducts, nitrates, dissolved solids, heavy metals, and whatever else makes it through your utility's treatment process.
Start with information. Check the EWG database for your area. Read your annual water quality report. If you have questions or want to talk through what filtration makes sense for your home, reach out to us at Aquasani. We have been working with families in the Springfield area and across the Ozarks for years, and we will give you straight answers, no sales pitch.
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Sources and References
- U.S. EPA — Announcement: First-Ever National Drinking Water Standard for PFAS (April 2024). epa.gov
- U.S. EPA — EPA Announces It Will Keep MCLs for PFOA and PFOS (2025). epa.gov
- U.S. EPA — Reducing PFAS in Drinking Water with Treatment Technologies. epa.gov
- Environmental Working Group — PFAS Contamination Crisis: 9,728 Sites in 50 States (Interactive Map). ewg.org
- Environmental Working Group — New EPA Data Shows 158 Million People Exposed to Forever Chemicals in U.S. (March 2025). ewg.org
- Environmental Working Group — EPA Sets Bold New Limits on Forever Chemicals in Drinking Water (April 2024). ewg.org
- U.S. Geological Survey — Tap Water Study Detects PFAS Forever Chemicals Across the U.S. usgs.gov
- NPR / Shots Health News — EPA Rule Limits PFAS Chemicals in Drinking Water (April 10, 2024). npr.org
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — PFAS in Blood and Urine of U.S. Population. cdc.gov
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment — Not All In-Home Drinking Water Filters Completely Remove Toxic PFAS.











